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Indian Construction Industry Topics
 

Do’s and Don’ts for Engineers engaged in Building Construction

A Few Important Tips For designing an isolated flat or sloped footing of a column (With pedestal on footing), bending moment shall be worked out with upward load on trapezoidal area associated with the width of pedestal face at footing top and to work out effective depth of footing. Value of b which resist the B.M. shall be the width of face of column pedestal associated with that B.B.

Each column shall be provided with a pedestal to transfer the load to the Footing in succession. It is a good practice to provide a column pedestal of Such size that the pressure of load on column is reduced by 50% in pedestal. The share of bending moment taken by pedestal from the junction of column, plinth beam and pedestal is abnormally heavy due its high stiffness (because of Its short height). Increase in column size is pedestal portion helps in resisting this heavy moment. Adequate reinforcement may be provided in pedestal section near its edges. Main reinforcement of column shall be embedded in pedestal to a development length before their termination.

Construction

Utmost care should be taken during construction of following elements of a building, Foundation: Proper consolidation of soil should be done by ramming moist soil before concreting

Junction of beams and columns: Proper placement of concrete around reinforcing steel is a must to get best results. Therefore while designing these members care should be taken that with arrangement of steel at junction sufficient space is a available for insertion of concrete and mechanical vibrator at this location. Use of 12mm size aggregate and/or use of quality plastilisers in concrete improve proper placement of concrete around steel bars.

Toilets and Bath rooms : One should be very careful to make Flooring of this location water leak-proof. Even a very fine crack or cleavage left in this part is sufficient to result leakage. Hence Strict supervision is required while carrying out work in toilets And bathrooms. Sealant and water resistant material must be used and placed in position in an compacted way to avoid any void for seepage of water. Proper slope for natural drainage toward drain is also a must.

Terrace: Terrace is a head protection of a building against sun, Its heat and rain water. Thermal insulating material like brick Bat coba should be used to insulate transfer of heat from sun. Proper drainage slope (preferably 1 in 60) must be given to Terrace to make it leak proof, Drainage scheme should be Decided at planning stage itself.

If reinforcing bars are extended above terrace to use them for Future floor, they must be embedded in a lean concrete pedestal (C.C.1:5:10) and should never be left bare inviting corrosion. Their length should be less than development length as given in clause 26.2.1 of IS-2000. These length must be indicated in detailing drawing also.

Verticality of columns should be ensured before casting them. Any misalignment in verticality will cause-additional stresses in concrete members.

Galta must be provided at the corner junction of parapet wall and terrace. This prevents entry of rain water into the joint at the junction.

All precautions needed for quality work should be taken at site. Requirement of quality assurance should also be looked into before start of any activity at site. There are number of items under this head and covers a wide range such as:

Quality of materials to be used
Storing and handling of materials
Sixing of materials
Sorkmanship during execution
Srection and removal of formwork
Placement of reinforcement and quality of concrete mix.
Curing of masonry and concrete work and Quality of supervision work, etc,

10 to 12mm deep groove should be provided in plaster of panel wall at its junction with beam and column. This will arrest possibility of formation and extension of any crack at junction of the two.

All projections beyond outer walls must be provided with groove of drip course to arrest approach of rain dropping water towards walls.

Rain down pipes should not but against wall surface. There should be a clear gap of 1” to 1 ˝ between the two.

Rough stone pavement in the compound area of a building alround Should have recesses of 1 “ to 1 ˝” width at 600 to 750 mm interval In both directions to allow rain water to penetrate through them. These recesses may be lined in grass. This will help in the yield of water input in bore well and open wells rain water can be harvested this way also.

Maintenance Aspect

Degree of maintenance required for a building is inversely related to the health and directly related to the age of a building. This aspect has been dealt in detail under the head. “How Apartments Building should be maintained by Apartments Owners’Society / Association” in the Supplement to the Model Bye-Laws. It is on par with a human being in this respect. Health and longevity of a human being depends upon the care taken during its conception and childhood. Conception is the planning stage and construction stage is the childhood of a building. Therefore utmost care need to be taken at these two stages. Once the Building is built in all respects and occupied, its health depends upon how it is maintained and in which environment it has to survive. The basic preventive measures applicable to apartment building during its construction building during its construction apply to other building during its construction apply to other building also in general. However the precautions specially to be taken during maintenance (and are not given earlier) are given below. General principle of maintenance is that the parent structure of building should be disturbed to the minimum to attend any repair of a damage. Dismantling of any part of a building for a desired alteration in the existing building should be planned in such a way that the portion to be retained is not weakened during the process of dismantling. These aspects have been elaborately explained below:

From time to time any major addition and alterations carried out in a building should be recorded. The period and cost involved in such works may be noted for the purpose of valuation of the building at any point of time.

A new building sets to behave in its own in due course of time after its completion. Therefore if it if extended longitudinally or laterally at a later stage an expansion joint must be provided in between existing building and its proposed extension. This makes the two part of the same building behave independently and does not damage each other due to their separate identity.

When a builder/promoter hands over and apartment building to the Owner’s Society, he should hand over all basic records pertaining to building to the Society. The Society should also insists for it. List of basic records are given in Appendix-B of the Model Bye-Laws. This will prove of immense help to the Society in case of any need during maintenance.

During maintenance many defects may be observed from time to time. How they are be observed and dealt is given below:

Formation of Cracks

They may be either 1) non-structural Cracks or ii) structural cracks. Cracks in wall plaster due to thermal expansion and contraction, cracks in wall plaster along electrical conduit alignment, surface cracks due to rowth of plants and cracks in flooring in ground floor due to settlement etc. Which do not affect strength of structure as it is come under non-dedustructive cracks. Such cracks can be sealed by hand pressed mortar if they are fine. It they are comparatively wider, existing plaster can be removed for 2: by side of crack on both sides. A 4: wide chicken mesh may be spread over the crack, nailed to Masonry and replastered. If deep crack is there, pressure grouting can be resorted to. Structural cracks need careful study by an expert inrehabilitation engineering. The root cause of the distress in structure need to be examined carefully and satisfactory solution should be sought and applied. Any slackness in this approach shall repeat the distress again and again.

Leakage of Water from Terrace

To arrest leakage of rain water from flat terrace, it is a usual practice to provide tar felt covering on the top surface of terrace. This works satisfactorily for two be three years only and terrace start leaking again. Blisters develop in tar felt. Water is entrapped inside these blisters. Obstruction due to blisters does not allow proper drainage of rain Water and this aggravates the situation further and creates tiny-ponds of water around blisters. To avoid this, again a layer of tarfelt is laid over the old one which does not properly fir over the old one and After working satisfactorily for a short span of life starts to give Trouble again, Removing of laid tarfelt is not an easy job and while Removing tarfelt parent material of terrace also comes out along Wish tarfelt. As such before treating the terrace with any other Treatment, loss of parent material is to be replenished in the form of plaster of rich mortar to make the surface even to treat afresh. Thus This adds to the time and cost. Therefore application of tarfelt is not Atall a permanent solution and is a perennial source of trouble and Should be discarded as a perpetual problem maker.

Leakage of water through old-new flat terrace if mainly due to formation of cracks in the terrace which allows water to enter from the roof. If by any mechanism formation of cracks is prevented the problem of leakage of water through terrace is practically solved. It is well known that formation of cracks is a function of expansion and contraction of surface of roof exposed to weather. Any surface treatment having close network to arrest the expansion and contraction shall serve the purpose. Ferro cement-water proofing of terrace is a treatment in this direction. It works very satisfactory to check leakage of terrace, Ferro-cement water proofing of roof 25mm thick for new buildings with flat slab, 32 to 35 mm thick for old building of age 60 to 80 yrs, and 38 to 40 mm thick for building 80 to 120 yrs old builders with magalore tiles, with this treatment can serve very efficiently for 25 to 30 years. The work needv very careful workmanship to achieve desired results. Epoxy painting of ferro-cement treatment at an interval of 3 to 4 years enhances its longevity and efficiency. Punching of holes with nails on walls and use of hammer to dismantle a portion of b building should be avoided. This is more important in an apartment building where disturbance to neighbours becomes objectionable. In such cases holes may be drilled to fix wooden plug to nail and perforation line of holes with drill helps in dismantling of a portion with ease without affecting the retained portion adversely.

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Topics:
Do’s & Don’ts for Engineers engaged in Building Construction
 
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